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Osteoporosis

    1. Osteoporosis:-




The word ‘osteoporosis’ means ‘porous bone.’ It is a disease that weakens bones, and if you have it, you are at a greater risk for sudden and unexpected bone fractures. Osteoporosis means that you have less bone mass and strength. The disease often develops without any symptoms or pain, and it is usually not discovered until the weakened bones cause painful fractures. Most of these are fractures of the hip, wrist and spine.

Etiology:-


Sex hormones, such as oestrogen and testosterone, have a fundamental role in maintaining bone strength in men and women. The fall in oestrogen that occurs during menopause results in accelerated bone loss. During the first five years after menopause, the average woman loses up to 10 per cent of her total body bone


Symptoms:-


  2. Fractures of the spine (vertebra) can cause severe "band-like" pain that radiates from the back to the sides of the body.
  3. Over the years, repeated spinal fractures can lead to chronic lower back pain.
  4. People experience the loss of height and/or curving of the spine due to the collapse of the vertebrae. The collapse gives individuals a hunched-back appearance of the upper back, often called a "dowager hump" (kyphosis) because it commonly is seen in elderly women.
  5. Breathing difficulty
  6. Receding gums due to bone loss
  7. Sloping shoulders
  8. Curvature of the lower spine
  9. A fracture that occurs during the course of normal activity is called a minimal trauma, or stress fracture. For example, some patients with osteoporosis develop stress fractures of the feet while walking or stepping off a curb. 
  10. Hip fracture.








Risk factors:-Risk factors for osteoporosis

There are many risk factors for osteoporosis, some of which you cannot change, such as being female, and having a direct relative who has had an osteoporotic fracture.

Other risk factors include: 

  • inadequate amounts of dietary calcium
  • low vitamin D levels
  • cigarette smoking
  • alcohol intake of more than two standard drinks per day
  • caffeine intake of more than three cups of coffee or equivalent per day
  • lack of physical activity.
  • Early monopose (before the age of 45)
  • loss of menstrual period if it is associated with reduced production of oestrogen, which is vital for healthy bones (the menstrual cycle can cease following excessive dieting and exercise)
  • long-term use of medication such as corticosteroids for rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and other conditions.

Some conditions place people at a higher risk of osteoporosis. These conditions include: 

  • thyroid disease or an overactive thyroid gland
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • chronic liver and kidney disease
  • conditions that affect the body’s ability to absorb nutrients, such as Crohn’s disease, coeliac disease and other inflammatory bowel conditions.

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