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Meningitis.

Meningitis:-



Definition:-

Meningitis is an inflammation of the area surrounding your brain and spinal cord meninges. It’s sometimes called spinal meningitis.



Your meninges protect your brain and spinal cord from injury and provide support and structure. They contain nerves, blood vessels and protective fluid (cerebrospinal fluid).

Infectious disease like viruses and bacteria, and non-infectious conditions, like cancer or head injuries, can cause meningitis.

Pathogenesis:-



Infectious causes are bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and the ameba Naegleria fowleri. Non-infectious causes include diseases, certain medications and other conditions.

Causes of bacterial meningitis

  • Streptococcus pneumonia.
  • Group B Streptococcus.
  • Neisseria meningitides.
  • Haemophilus influenza.
  • Listeria monocytogens.
  • E.coli.



  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis Causes of viral meningitis
  • Non-polio enteroviruses.
  • Mumps.
  • Herpesviruses (including those that cause mononucleosis,chikenpox  shingles.
  • Measles’.
  • Influenza.
  • Arboviruses, such as West Nile virus .
  • Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.

Causes of fungal meningitis

  • Coccidiosis Causes of parasitic meningitis (eosinophilic meningitis)
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inherit;">Angiostrongylus cantonensis.
  • Baylisascaris procyonis.
  • Gnathostoma spinigerum.

    • Causes of amebic meningitis (PAM)

    Naegleria fowleri causes amebic meningitis.

    Causes of non-infectious meningitis:- 

    Systemic lupus arthrosis 
    • Certain medications, like NSAIDs and antibiotics.
    • Head injuries.
    • Brain surgery.


    Etiology:-

    • From a contagious illness passed person-to-person, like a virus or bacteria.
    • From food contaminated with something infectious.
    • From swimming in or drinking water contaminated with something infectious.
    • From fungi in the environment that you breathe in.
    • As a complication of non-infectious illnesses, like cancer or lupus.
    • As the result of a head injury or brain surgery.
    • As a side effect of a medication.



    Symptoms of meningitis in children and adults

    • Neck stiffness.
    • Nausea or vomiting.
    • Sensitivity to light (photophobia).
    • Confusion or altered mental state.
    • Lack of energy (lethargy), extreme sleepiness or trouble waking up.
    • Lack of appetite.
    • Small round spots that look like a rash (petechiae).

    Types:-





    Types of meningitis are typically named for the cause or for how long you’ve had symptoms. They include:

    • Bacterial meningitis.
    • Viral meningitis.
    • Fungal meningitis.
    • Parasitic meningitis. Meningitis caused by certain parasites is called eosinophilic meningitis or eosinophilic meningoencephalitis (EM).
    • Primary Amebic Meningitis (PAM).Meningitis can be caused by the ameba Naegleria fowleri.
    • Drug-induced aseptic meningitis (DIAM). Rarely, certain medications cause drug-induced aseptic meningitis (DIAM).NSAIDS and antibiotics are the most common causes of DIAM.
    • Chronic meningitis. When meningitis has lasted a month or more, it’s called chronic meningitis.
    • Acute meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is often acute, meaning that symptoms are severe and come on suddenly.



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